RAC1 and cancer: ,11,12 Furthermore, increased expression of RAC1 is associated with poor differentiation, high pathological stage, and lymph node metastasis and correlated with poor clinical prognosis in various cancers, including upper urinary tract and primary gallbladder cancers,13,14 renal cell and hepatocellular carcinomas,15,16 gastric tumor,17 lung cancer,18 epithelial ovarian cancer,19 and breast cancer.8