TGFB1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: Upon activation, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into various subsets defined by specific cytokine profiles and transcription factor expression, including Th1 (IFNγ, T-bet), Th2 (IL-4, GATA3), Th17 (IL-17, RORγT), and regulatory T (Treg; IL-10/TGFβ, FoxP3) cells.9 However, the precise hepatic CD4+ T-cell landscape in MASH and the mechanisms by which CD4+ T cells may promote disease progression remain poorly defined, hindering immuno-therapeutic discoveries for MASH treatment.