Since ICAM-1 expression is elevated on endothelium in the aortas of ApoE−/− mice with atherosclerosis, we utilized the I-domain of LFA-1 (idLFA-1) as a payload to create nanocarriers given that I-domain (id) is responsible for mediating ICAM-1/LFA-1 interactions. This evidence concerns the gene ITGAL and atherosclerosis.