In the pseudoproliferative zones of IDH-WT GBM, myeloid inhibitory cells (E-MDSC and M-MDSC) interact with tumour stem cells via the CXCL8-CXCR1 and FGF11-FGFR1 signalling pathways, promoting metabolic adaptation and immune suppression (Jackson et al., 2025; Sun et al., 2023). Here, FGFR1 is linked to neoplasm.