Gao et al. associated nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 with lung cancer metastasis, showing that these carcinogens inactivate MST1/2 and LATS1/2, leading to YAP nuclear translocation and transcription of pro-migration genes (Gao et al., 2019[36], Thapa et al., 2025[145]). This evidence concerns the gene YAP1 and lung carcinoma.