In the model of db/db mice, Jujuboside A restores mitochondrial function and inhibits CytC-mediated Caspase9/Caspase3 cascade by down-regulating transcription factor YY1 and enhancing PGC-1α promoter activity to reduce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and attenuate renal tubular injury associated with DKD (Yang et al., 2025; Zhang W. et al., 2024). Here, PPARGC1A is linked to diabetic kidney disease.