Breast cancer cells stimulate osteoblasts to release receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) through the secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), thereby activating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways to promote osteoclast differentiation and activation (Ohshiba et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2022). Here, PTHLH is linked to breast carcinoma.