INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The activation of PKA leads to the opening of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels and the closing of KATP channels, resulting in cell membrane depolarization and calcium influx, ultimately promoting the exocytosis of insulin granules and completing the insulin secretion process, thereby playing a role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (Erbil et al., 2019).