MUC5B and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: This association has been confirmed in populations from the United States (Seibold et al., 2011; Dressen et al., 2018; Helling et al., 2017), Mexico (Peljto et al., 2015), and Europe (Bonella et al., 2021; Allen et al., 2017; Borie et al., 2013), establishing the MUC5B promoter polymorphism as the strongest genetic risk factor for IPF.