MUC5B and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: In European studies, including those conducted in the UK, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, the MUC5B polymorphism has also been significantly associated with IPF, with MAF varying from 27% to 42% among IPF patients, compared to 9%–10% in the respective control groups (Bonella et al., 2021; Allen et al., 2017; Borie et al., 2013; Stock et al., 2013; Vis et al., 2022; Kishore et al., 2016).