Previous studies have highlighted elevated levels of C-reactive protein in the serum of AF patients compared to those with normal sinus rhythm.[28] While direct reports on DEFB135 remain scarce, studies have demonstrated other beta-defensins’ ability to downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors, promote vascular regeneration,[29–31] induce vasodilation and lower blood pressure through immunological pathways,[32] as well as induce fibroblast migration and proliferation, accelerating wound healing.[25] Mediation MR analysis indicates that DEFB135 mitigates HF risk by reducing AF risk. This evidence concerns the gene CRP and atrial fibrillation.