Among these, PTEN loss is particularly consequential, as it leads to dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, promoting unchecked cell growth and therapy resistance.126 Given the role of LOH 10q in GBM pathogenesis, integrating LOH analysis into molecular profiling could enhance prognostic assessment and guide targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring tumor suppressor function or counteracting downstream oncogenic pathways. Here, PIK3CA is linked to neoplasm.