TGFB1 and neoplasm: Ang-2 disrupts vessel stability, promoting neovascularization, whereas Ang-4 enhances tumor angiogenesis.206 The Tie-2 receptor, which is expressed in GBM, regulates VEGF expression, and dual inhibition of VEGF and Ang-2 improves survival outcomes.207 TGF-β modulates angiogenesis through context-dependent effects, promoting VEGF, FGF, and PDGF expression while also inducing EMT in GBM-derived endothelial cells.208 MMPs degrade the endothelial basement membrane, facilitating angiogenic switching.