BECN1 and neoplasm: For example, autophagy promotes resistance to TMZ by maintaining GSCs, while targeting ATG4C has been shown to increase TMZ sensitivity.217 Autophagy-related proteins such as p62 and transcription factor EB (TFEB) are linked to GBM prognosis, with high p62 expression correlating with PS and tumor recurrence.218 In contrast, BECN-1 expression is associated with IDH1 mutation and 1p/19q codeletion, suggesting a context-dependent impact on GBM biology.219 Overall, autophagy represents a double-edged sword in GBM, with both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing effects.