PTEN and neoplasm: This is marked by increased PD-L1 expression, impaired T cell activation, and resistance to immune-mediated cell death, underscoring PTEN deficiency as a key factor in GBM immune escape.171,172 Additionally, PTEN loss alters the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) axes, facilitating angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration, which further supports tumor growth.173 Key mediators in this process include LOX and olfactomedin-like 3, which regulate macrophage and microglia recruitment.