TGFB1 and neoplasm: Additionally, GDEVs are enriched with proangiogenic factors such as VEGF, TGF-β1, and CXCR4, which facilitate endothelial proliferation and vascular remodeling, as well as immunosuppressive mediators such as PD-L1 and MDSCs, which contribute to immune evasion.443 By selectively targeting these GDEV-associated proteins and pathways, novel therapeutic strategies can be developed to inhibit tumor growth, modulate the TME, and improve GBM treatment efficacy.