MTOR and neoplasm: The frequently altered phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) axis, which regulates tumor growth and survival, is a promising therapeutic target, although clinical trials of mTOR inhibitors have shown limited success.10 A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between molecular alterations, GSC biology, and the TME is essential for developing innovative, more effective treatment strategies.