MTOR and glioblastoma: The mTOR pathway inhibits autophagy and supports GSC proliferation, whereas autophagy suppression enhances EGFR overexpression, promoting tumor progression.213 Additionally, miR-224-3p downregulation under hypoxic GBM conditions reduces autophagy by targeting ATG5 and FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200), linking miRNA regulation to tumor metabolism.214 Conversely, the upregulation of Bcl-2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) under hypoxic conditions promotes autophagy, supporting GBM cell survival.215