Based on our results, we hypothesize that novel markers may hold diagnostic value in specific contexts: E4 HPV for identifying productive HPV infections in CIN1/2, null NANOG expression in atypical squamous epithelium belonging to squamous metaplasia, weak NANOG expression in normal squamous epithelium, strong NANOG expression in high-grade dysplasia and SOX11 for high-grade lesions progressing toward carcinoma. The gene discussed is NANOG; the disease is carcinoma.