These advanced studies have identified critical targets of TCM in the prevention and treatment of AP, including lysosomal cathepsin B (CTSB), calcium channel protein (ORAI1), nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Hu et al., 2023; Ishqi et al., 2023). Here, NFKB1 is linked to alkaline phosphatase measurement.