Our previous research has confirmed that crude BSPs enhance the levels of intestinal cellular tight junction proteins, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin both in vivo and in vitro, while also modulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells, thereby providing a therapeutic strategy for treating inflammation-related diseases induced by gut-derived PAMPs (Luo et al., 2018; Luo, et al., 2019). Here, TNF is linked to cirrhosis of liver.