Therapeutic strategies employing 5α-reductase inhibitors to suppress testosterone conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), thereby reducing intraprostatic DHT levels, or estrogen receptor antagonists to modulate systemic T/E2 ratios, have proven effective in alleviating BPH symptoms (Ishikawa et al., 2006). The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is benign prostatic hyperplasia.