Studies utilizing transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 AD model mice (n = 3) determined that erinacine A, erinacine S, or HEME administration reduced amyloid-β plaque formation in the cerebral cortex while elevating levels of insulin degrading enzyme, a protein believed to play a significant role in the clearance of amyloid-β (Chen et al., 2016; Tsai-Teng et al., 2016; Tzeng et al., 2018). Here, IDE is linked to Alzheimer disease.