GPT and diabetes mellitus: Participants in the highest UHR quartile (Q4) exhibited distinct clinical characteristics compared to Q1, including significantly higher proportions of males (81.17% vs. 15.82%), greater prevalence of hypertension (31.08% vs. 16.92%), diabetes (9.75% vs. 4.50%), and current smoking (45.18% vs. 33.48%), along with more adverse metabolic profiles featuring elevated ALT, AST, and uric acid levels coupled with lower HDL-C and eGFR (all P < 0.05).