PNPLA3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: For example, the I148M variant of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) gene has been associated with increased hepatic fat accumulation, predisposing carriers of this variant to a higher risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) when consuming a high-fat diet (106).