Notably, five of these metabolic hubs (ALDH1B1, ALDH1L2, CHSY1, CSGALNACT2, GPX8) (1) demonstrated a consistent increase in expression from low to highly aggressive tumor groups (Figure 3A; Supplementary Figures S2A–E), (2) were significantly upregulated in advanced-stage tumors relative to early-stage ones (Figure 3A; Supplementary Figures S2H–L), and (3) and showed a strong association with poorer survival outcomes in bladder cancer patients (Figure 3B; Supplementary Figures S2O–S), highlighting their potential roles as oncogenic metabolic drivers. Here, GPX8 is linked to neoplasm.