Future studies aimed at exploring these regulatory pathways and potential post-translational modifications are essential for fully elucidating the implications of NANOG expression in ESCC.Reduced levels of the PP1 complex can lead to phosphorylation and activation of Akt, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhancing the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer stem cells (39). Here, NANOG is linked to breast carcinoma.