INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Its expression is decreased in NAFLD, and ZAG overexpression has been shown to alleviate lipid accumulation, improve insulin sensitivity, and inhibit inflammatory responses through various molecular pathways (e.g., IRS/AKT signaling) (Xiao et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019), positioning ZAG as a promising therapeutic target in NAFLD.