ZAG also reduces NAFLD by negatively regulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), indicating that ZAG can exert a protective effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by modulating various metabolic and inflammatory pathways, demonstrating ZAG’s multifaceted role in lipid metabolism and inflammation (Namkhah et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene AZGP1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.