Antigens such as Melanoma-associated antigen A1 (MAGE-A1), MAGE-A3, Mucin 1 (MUC1), New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) and Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are some of the main TAAs that use in clinical trials in lung cancer (Lahiri et al., 2023; Alenezi, 2025). Here, MUC1 is linked to lung cancer.