The concurrent administration of prebiotics (e.g., inulin) and probiotics (e.g., Enterococcus faecium) has also been demonstrated to enhance post-stroke spatial memory and learning abilities, a mechanism associated with the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Liu et al., 2020b; Cruz-Martínez et al., 2024). The gene discussed is BDNF; the disease is Stroke.