TNF and malaria: Subsequent KEGG classification and pathway annotation analysis further categorized the enriched pathways into three major functional groups: human diseases (pathways in cancer, pertussis, lipid and atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, leishmaniasis, measles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, bladder cancer, malaria and alcoholic liver disease), organismal systems (immune system and endocrine system), and signal transduction (HIF-1 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway) (Figures 5B,C).