By scoring the tumour microenvironment-related gene sets, we found that tumour-infiltrating mesenchymal cells expressed many stromal remodelling- and invasiveness-related molecules (Extended Data Fig. S6e), of which the invasiveness-related molecules C1QB, CAPG, and IFI30 were highly expressed specifically in the IBC tumour-infiltrating mesenchymal cells (Fig. 4k). This evidence concerns the gene C1QB and inflammatory breast carcinoma.