We subsequently performed a pseudotime analysis of all antibody-secreting cells from IBC and nIBC tumours and found that IBC tumour-infiltrating antibody-secreting cells had a more activated differentiation state, with antibody-secreting cells early in the pseudotime direction of IBC differentiation expressing high levels of the B-cell activation molecules CD69 and CD83 (Fig. 3e). Here, CD83 is linked to neoplasm.