TNF and neoplasm: In the clinically derived HER2 + IBC tumour tissues, we also observed that there were a large number of M2 macrophages around the necrotic endothelial cells, and at the same time, they had a high level of IL-6 expression (Extended Data Fig. S11a).These above results indicate that HER2 + IBC tumour cells may promote the differentiation of M2-type macrophages through endothelial necroptosis mediated by the TN-NCL-TNF signaling axis and lead to the rapid progression of HER2 + IBC.