TNF and neoplasm: The production process of DC vaccines includes five steps: (1) Monocytes isolate and acquirement; (2) Multi-cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-4) stimulation for DCs differentiation; (3) Inducible factors (LPS, CD40L, and TNF-α) stimulation for DCs mature; (4) Tumor antigens loading by tumor cell lysates, recombinant peptides, virus, or mRNA; (5) DCs refusion into patients [242].