Hypoxia, driven by rapid tumour growth and inadequate vascularisation, stabilises hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α), which upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and promotes angiogenesis while also enhancing immunosuppression through increased adenosine and lactate production [52, 53]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.