TFRC and neoplasm: Notably, the NER pathway is one of the major mechanisms by which p53 modulates DNA damage repair capacity.57,58 More importantly, nuclear TfR1 is able to positively regulate the expression of these genes, such as XPC, DDB2, and ERCC5. As a result, TfR1 nuclear translocation significantly enhances the resistance of tumor cells to DNA damage, as demonstrated by cell apoptosis assays, cell viability assays, and comet assays.