Additionally, our study and others have shown that successful ICI therapy induces an expansion of the peripheral CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1)+ CD8+ T cells, which include tumor-specific and tumor-infiltrating T-cell repertoires, in preclinical models and humans (35, 36), and early on-treatment increases in circulating CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells are linked to better response and prognosis in patients with NSCLC treated with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and chemo-immunotherapy (36, 37). Here, CX3CR1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.