TNF and Insulin resistance: Transfection with miR-16 suppressed the secretion and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-6 and TNF-α.22 This is mediated by downregulating targets like NF κB and NLRP3 inflammasome.23 A review of literature indicates that TNF-α and IL-6 are the major inflammatory cytokines involved in disruption of insulin signaling and insulin resistance in GDM and are positively correlated in gestational diabetes.24 Similar results were seen in the current study, where TNF- α level were lower in GDM group.