IRS1 and Insulin resistance: Similar to our results, miR-16-5p is the most frequently up-regulated miRNA in different studies on GDM.16,17 Analysis of these studies further reveals that the raised levels of these miRNAs are positively correlated with insulin resistance and remain increased during the remaining two trimesters of pregnancy.15 Other studies have associated over-expression of miR-16-5p with a concomitant decrease in levels of IRS-1 and IRS-2 leading to insulin resistance.18,19 MiR-16 targets genes involved in insulin signaling, potentially causing insulin resistance and cell apoptosis.