TNF and neoplasm: This immunosuppressive environment may facilitate the survival and proliferation of residual tumor cells, thereby increasing the risk of recurrence.26 Similarly, highlighted the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, released during transfusion reactions, which can enhance tumor cell adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis.27 These findings underscore the complex interplay between blood product transfusions and tumor biology, emphasizing the need for cautious clinical decision-making in cancer patients.