ACE and acute kidney injury: LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; AKI: acute kidney injury; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor