ACE and acute kidney injury: OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; AKI: acute kidney injury; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARNI: angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor