Studies have shown that BEVs of intestinal flora origin can activate the cGAS/STING signaling pathway by carrying flora-originated DNA, which induces the secretion of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory proteins from HSCs and aggravates hepatic fibrosis (Luo et al., 2022; Fizanne et al., 2023). The gene discussed is STING1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.