COL4A1 is upregulated in EAC versus BE (Li et al., 2023a; Li et al., 2023b; Nancarrow et al., 2011; Qi et al., 2021) and is associated with poor EAC prognosis (Qi et al., 2021), and it predicts the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in EAC (Li, Hoefnagel & Krishnadath, 2023). This evidence concerns the gene COL4A1 and Barrett esophagus.