BDNF and sarcopenia: Sarcopenia has been shown to impact cognition through mechanisms such as reduced mobility, which diminishes cerebral blood flow and the production of neurotrophic factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor) that are essential for neuronal health, as well as through disrupted muscle–brain crosstalk, where weakened skeletal muscles produce fewer myokines that regulate brain metabolism and synaptic plasticity49.