HOXA1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: In PDAC, aberrant expression of several HOX transcription factors has been described and functional studies have shown that HOXA10 [20], HOXB7 [19], and HOXC11 [44] promote pancreatic cancer development while HOXA1 [45], HOXB1 [46], and HOXB3 [18] act as tumor-suppressors.