TNF and neoplasm: Based on spatial transcriptomics, we inferred the likely location of the C0 subtype within CC tissue sections, as depicted in Fig. 2Q. Furthermore, GO-BP analysis of upregulated genes in the Neoplasm and Normal tissue adjacent to neoplasm groups indicated that genes upregulated in the Normal tissue adjacent to neoplasm group were mainly enriched in pathways associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19), lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, IL-17 signaling, legionellosis, and TNF signaling (Fig. 2R).