AHR and atherosclerosis: For instance, the contribution of aucubin to atherosclerosis involves the augmentation of Lactobacilli in the gut, stimulation of indole-3-β-acrylic acid production, which activates of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) and inhibits the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, aiding in the alleviation of atherosclerosis [4].