TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Biological therapies targeting specific components of the NF-κB pathway, such as anti-TNF-α agents (e.g., infliximab, adalimumab), anti-integrin agents (e.g., vedolizumab), and anti-interleukin agents (e.g., ustekinumab), are currently the mainstay of therapy for moderate to severe IBD [64].