EDN1 and endothelial dysfunction: We have expressed human prepro-ET-1 in mice restricted to the endothelium using the endothelium-specific promoter Tie-2 and reported that there was a minor elevation of BP in these mice associated with small artery hypertrophic remodeling, vascular inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction [18,19], which demonstrates that ET-1 can indeed induce growth effects on blood vessels independently of BP elevation.