EPAS1 and carbohydrate metabolism disease: Hypoxia itself can lead to carbohydrate metabolic disorders, causing the accumulation of lactic acid, leading to a series of metabolic disorders, and activating pathways such as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha (HIF-1α), Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 Alpha (HIF-2α), and AMPK, thus further impairing cognitive function (Gong et al., 2020).