Notably, different tumor regions exhibit distinct immune profiles: the tumor periphery may show some signs of immune activation, while the core is more likely to be dominated by suppressive factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which inhibits CAR T cell function, thus posing a challenge for CAR T cells to uniformly target and eliminate all tumor cells (58). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.