Additionally, the relationship between smoking and complement activation in inducing AMD was also shown to be dependent on the translocation of antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in RPE cells, which led to an increase in C3a and C3b as well as a decrease in complement regulators such as CD46, CD55, and CD59. The gene discussed is C3; the disease is age-related macular degeneration.