Furthermore, in HPV-associated HSIL tissue samples, “HPV-associated HSIL epithelial clusters” were prominently localized within HSIL lesions, characterized by high expression of VSIG1 and CASC9. In addition, “HPV-associated cancer clusters” exhibited high expression of CASP14 and CALML5. The specific high expression of these unique “HPV-associated epithelial cluster” genes provides a promising strategy for targeted therapy [24]. Here, CALML5 is linked to cancer.