Thirdly, after infection of cancer cells, OVs can activate PD-L1 expression in tumor cells by releasing virus-associated pattern molecules (e.g., PAMPs) and pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., IFN-γ), thereby rendering tumors that are otherwise unresponsive to PD-L1 blockade potential responders [88]. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.