NUPR1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: The literature reports conflicting findings regarding the effects of Cd2+ in OSCC cells; Fan, T. et al. showed that repeated Cd2+ exposure promotes migration and invasion of CAL27 cells via ROS/NUPR1-dependent autophagy 36, while So, K.Y. et al. found that Cd2+ exposure reduces the catalase (CAT) expression, increases HMOX1 and triggers apoptosis in YD8 and YD10B oral cancer cells 78.