In addition, ZBP1 can form a ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome complex to mediate caspase-1 activation and IL-1β maturation, suggesting that inflammatory vesicle signalling and PANoptosis may co-exist in the pathological process of periodontitis (Oh and Lee, 2023; Zheng and Kanneganti, 2020). Here, CASP1 is linked to periodontitis.