PPP1R12B and neoplasm: Using forward stepwise regression to construct optimal models, we found that: When TNM stage was included as a covariate, tumor size and vascular invasion emerged as risk factors while PPP1R12B served as a protective factor (Figure 2A); and when TNM stage was excluded, PPP1R12B remained protective, while tumor size, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis became significant risk factors (Figure 2B).