PDCD1 and cancer: Clinically, longitudinal studies assessing the correlation between PDCD1 polymorphisms and patient responses to PD-1 inhibitors in cancer or chronic infections could provide a foundation for personalised immunotherapy.11 Integrating these findings with proteomic and transcriptomic data may reveal broader biological implications of PD-1 polymorphisms, paving the way for optimised immunotherapeutic strategies.