During follow-up, TNF-α levels significantly increased in VAP patients compared to non-VAP patients (88.6 pg/mL [37.9–245.3] vs. 35.1 pg/mL [11.9–127.1]; p = 0.02), while IL-1β and IL-6 remained unchanged (Fig. 4B). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and ventilator-associated pneumonia.