TNF and ventilator-associated pneumonia: At admission, there were no significant differences between non-VAP and VAP patients for Il-1β (738.2 pg/mL [5.5–2477] vs. 764.0 pg/mL [4.9–5912]; p = 0.69), IL-6 (12.7 pg/mL [0.84–82.0] vs. 21.7 pg/mL [1.8–75.1]; p = 0.78), or TNF-α (51.9 pg/mL [3.5–134.6] vs. 49.6 pg/mL [4.3–103.7]; p = 0.83) (Fig. 4A).